A scientist in a white lab coat holding a yellow handheld XRF analyzer pointed at a red enameled cast-iron Dutch oven on a stainless lab bench
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) testing reads total metal content in the substrate. Tamara Rubin's Lead Safe Mama archive uses XRF to flag lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in cookware.

PFAS / PTFE / Teflon

Lead and Cadmium

Stainless Steel and Heavy Metals

Aluminum

Cast Iron and Hemochromatosis

Independent Cookware Testing Sources

State and Federal Regulatory Documents

Court Filings